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From Wikipedia:
Lithification is a process of porosity destruction through compaction and cementation. Lithification includes all the processes which convert unconsolidated sediments into sedimentary rocks. Petrification, though often used as a synonym, is more specifically used to describe the replacement of organic material by silica in the formation of fossils. In geology consolidation is a synonym for lithification.
A library of simple diagrams of geological processes.
The aesthetics of striation as a result of lithification.
The aesthetics of tafoni as a result of erosion.
Modelling of compaction (packing) (also, lithification) through computation.
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U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency is creating a tool to bore through the earth to reach underground facilities. The Massive Ordinance Penetrator (MOP) can bore through up to 60 feet of concrete (depending on the type). But it is rumored that Iran is developing an ultra-hard concrete, challenging the Pentagon to develope a stronger tool.
- The BLU-122 (replacing the 1991 Gulf War’s BLU-113) could bust through about 30 feet of concrete.
Using some German engineering, these tools are able to detect voids and soil densities. Additionally, the Strategic Technology Office of DARPA is investing in sensor technologies “that find, characterize and identify facility function, pace of activity, and activities in conjunction with their pre and post attack status.”
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Protocol Architecture 